Peruvian archaeologists have revealed the ancient city of Peñico, a 3,000-year-old urban settlement thought to have been a vital link between the coastal, Andean, and Amazonian regions.
The site, located in Huaura province north of Lima, has been opened to the public following eight years of excavation and preservation.
Believed to have been founded around 1800 BCE, Peñico is situated nearly 600 metres above sea level. Experts say this location allowed it to act as a key trade and cultural centre, linking communities across diverse landscapes.
According to the Ministry of Culture, the city developed in line with the traditions of Caral — one of the oldest known civilizations in the Americas.
Ruth Shady, who leads the Caral Archaeological Zone (ZAC), stated that Peñico rose to prominence after Caral’s decline, maintaining regional connectivity across the Supe Valley, the Andes, and the Amazon basin.
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Archaeologists have discovered 18 structures at the site, including ceremonial and residential buildings. Among the most significant finds is a complex named B1-B3, where researchers uncovered ritual items such as clay figures, ceremonial tools, and pututus — traditional conch shell trumpets used in spiritual and communal events.
Peñico may have also gained power through its role in the trade of hematite, a red pigment valued in ancient Andean spiritual practices.
To encourage tourism, officials have developed visitor amenities, including an interpretation centre and walking trails. The site’s launch will coincide with Peñico Raymi, a cultural festival celebrating the ancient city’s heritage, featuring music, dance, and a tribute to the earth deity Pachamama.
